Billings, MT

Odocoileus species

Whitetail and mule deer browse can devastate orchards and gardens, particularly in winter when food is scarce. Antler rub on young trunks kills saplings outright.

Multiple species (Aphididae)

Small soft-bodied sap-sucking insects that reproduce explosively in spring. Excrete honeydew that supports sooty mold and attracts ants. Transmit viral diseases.

Multiple species

Robins, catbirds, mockingbirds, starlings, cedar waxwings and other songbirds can strip ripening berry and fruit crops in days. Crows and blackbirds also damage fresh sweet corn ears in milk stage. The single biggest yield-loss factor in unprotected home plantings.

Sylvilagus and Lepus species

Cottontails and jackrabbits strip bark from young fruit trees in winter and graze tender garden vegetables year-round, especially seedlings.

Multiple species (Chrysomelidae)

Tiny black or bronze jumping beetles that put hundreds of small holes in seedling leaves. Most damaging on direct-seeded brassicas and young eggplant.

Drosophila suzukii

Invasive vinegar fly that attacks ripening soft fruit, unlike native Drosophila species which target overripe fruit. Now the dominant berry-and-cherry pest across the US.

Tetranychus urticae

Tiny mite that feeds on leaf undersides, causing stippling and webbing during hot dry weather.

Microtus species

Field voles and meadow voles girdle young fruit-tree trunks under snow cover during winter and chew root crops. The leading cause of mysterious orchard losses.

Botrytis cinerea

Ubiquitous fungal disease that causes fruit rot during cool wet weather, often the dominant berry disease in humid regions.

Pseudoperonospora cubensis (cucurbits) and others

Water mold (oomycete, not a true fungus) that thrives in cool damp conditions. Spreads rapidly through cucurbit and brassica plantings on wind-borne spores.

Pythium and Rhizoctonia species

Soil-borne complex of water molds and fungi that kill seedlings before or shortly after emergence. The single most common cause of seed-starting failures.

Cucumber mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and others

Family of plant viruses producing mottled yellow-and-green leaf patterns. Vectored primarily by aphids; some are seed-transmitted or spread by handling tools and tobacco products.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Soil-borne bacterium that enters plants through wounds and induces tumor-like galls on roots, crown, and lower stems. Galls reduce vigor and shorten plant lifespan; on Rubus the disease is often fatal.

Plasmodiophora brassicae

Soil-borne disease causing characteristic distorted club-shaped roots on brassicas. Persists in soil for 10-20 years; the dominant brassica pathogen in acidic poorly-drained soils.

Elsinoe veneta

Fungal cane disease causing purple-bordered lesions that girdle and weaken bramble and Ribes canes, reducing yield over consecutive seasons.

Phytophthora species

Soil-borne water mold that destroys roots in waterlogged soils, the leading cause of blueberry decline in poorly drained sites.